动态 | 国际工程招标风险条款分析

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发布时间:2026-04-03

关键字: EPC风险转移优先顺序视为包含索赔时效

L&T Technology Services Ltd.(以下简称“L&T”)作为EPC(工程、采购、施工)总承包商,向下游分包商或供应商发出的招标文件的一部分。在国际工程实践中,此类由总承包商编制的技术规格书,其核心目的不仅在于明确技术标准,更在于通过精心设计的合同条款,将总承包合同(通常为FIDIC或其他格式)项下对业主承担的大部分风险,合理、合法地转移至下游分包商,同时最大限度地锁定自身利润空间、规避索赔与工期延误。

第一部分:定义与解释条款 (Definitions and Interpretation)

1.1 优先顺序 (Order of Precedence)

英文条款示例:

In the event of any conflict, discrepancy, or ambiguity between the documents forming the Contract, the order of precedence shall be: (1) The Special Conditions of Contract; (2) The Technical Specification (this document); (3) The Drawings; (4) The Bill of Quantities; (5) The General Conditions of Contract (e.g., FIDIC). Any reference to “Approval” or “Acceptance” by the Engineer or L&T shall not relieve the Contractor of his obligations to meet the requirements of the higher priority document.

中文条款示例:

若构成合同的文件之间发生任何冲突、不一致或歧义,其优先顺序为:(1)合同专用条件;(2)技术规格书(本文件);(3)图纸;(4)工程量清单;(5)合同通用条件(例如FIDIC条款)。任何提及工程师或L&T的“批准”或“接受”均不应解除承包商履行更高优先级文件要求的义务。

风险规避分析:

L&T通过此条款规避了“范围界定不清”的风险。在国际工程中,FIDIC红皮书等通用条件通常将图纸和规范放在同等地位。L&T将“技术规格书”置于“图纸”之上,意味着当图纸细节与文字描述不符时,以文字规格书为准。这给予了L&T极大的解释权。

此外,条款后半句明确指出“批准不免责”,这是规避“默示接受”风险的关键。防止分包商以“L&T已经验收了某项工艺或材料”为由,主张对后续出现的质量问题免责。L&T始终保留了追责的权利,确保任何批准都是临时性的,最终责任永远在分包商。

1.2 定义 (Definitions)

英文条款示例:

“Site” shall mean the land at Gingoog, Philippines, including all existing structures, underground utilities, and obstructions therein, as more particularly described in the Drawings, but excludes any right of the Contractor to use any other area unless specifically granted in writing by L&T.
“Completion Date” shall mean the date certified by L&T as the date on which the Works have been completed in accordance with the Contract, including the closure of all Punch List items, and handover of all Operation and Maintenance Manuals, As-Built Drawings, and Test Reports.

中文条款示例:

“现场”系指位于菲律宾Gingoog的土地,包括其中所有现有构筑物、地下设施及障碍物,具体见图纸描述,但承包商无权使用任何其他区域,除非经L&T书面特别许可。
“竣工日期”系指经L&T认证的、工程已按合同完成(包括关闭所有尾项清单、移交所有操作维护手册、竣工图纸及测试报告)的日期。

风险规避分析:

对“现场”的定义,L&T排除了承包商对场外区域的默示使用权,规避了“场地占用扩大化”的风险。防止承包商以施工需要为由,擅自占用红线外土地,引发当地居民或政府纠纷,从而给L&T带来连带责任。

对“竣工日期”的定义,L&T将其与“尾项清单关闭”和“文件移交”强制绑定。这规避了“形式竣工”的风险。在普通法系下,如果承包商完成了物理实体但未提交文档,可能仍被视为未竣工。L&T通过定义将“文档交付”提升至与物理完工同等重要的地位,防止承包商在未完成所有合规文件前就索要竣工证书和尾款。

第二部分:工作范围与分包 (Scope of Work & Subcontracting)

2.1 工作范围的完整性 (Completeness of Scope)

英文条款示例:

The Contractor shall be deemed to have inspected the Site, examined all Contract Documents, and satisfied itself as to the nature and extent of the Works. Unless expressly stated otherwise, the prices quoted shall be deemed to include for all costs, expenses, risks, and contingencies necessary for the proper and timely execution and completion of the Works, irrespective of whether such items are specifically mentioned in the Bill of Quantities or not, provided they are reasonably inferable from the Technical Specification or necessary for the structural integrity, functionality, or safety of the Works.

中文条款示例:

承包商应被视为已视察现场、审阅所有合同文件,并已了解工程的性质和范围。除非另有明确规定,所报价格应被视为已包含为正确、及时实施并完成工程所需的所有费用、开支、风险及或有事项,无论此类项目是否在工程量清单中具体提及,只要它们是根据技术规格书合理推断出的,或对于工程的结构完整性、功能性或安全性是必要的。

风险规避分析:

这是L&T规避“范围蔓延”和“漏项索赔”最核心的条款。通常被称为“视为包含”条款。

在传统计量支付合同中,如果图纸上没画,工程量清单上没列,承包商可以主张“额外工作”要求加价。L&T通过此条款,将“合理性推断”和“结构安全必要性”作为衡量标准,把大量“隐性工作”(如为了安装某设备而必须做的临时支撑、为了防腐而必须做的额外打磨、为了满足抗震规范而必须做的节点加强)强行打包进了固定单价或总价中。

风险在于:分包商如果报价时没有根据经验进行“推断”,后期将无法向L&T索赔。L&T成功地将总包合同中对业主承担的“设计深度不足”风险,转移给了分包商。

2.2 分包限制 (Restrictions on Subcontracting)

英文条款示例:

The Contractor shall not assign the Contract or sub-contract any part of the Works without the prior written consent of L&T. Even where consent is given, the Contractor shall remain fully responsible for the acts, defaults, and neglects of any subcontractor as if they were its own. Any consent to subcontract shall not constitute a waiver of L&T’s right to object to any further subcontracting or to the continued employment of a specific subcontractor whose performance is deemed unsatisfactory.

中文条款示例:

未经L&T事先书面同意,承包商不得转让合同或将任何部分工程分包。即使同意分包,承包商仍应对任何分包商的行为、违约和疏忽承担全部责任,如同其自身所为。对分包的同意不应构成L&T放弃反对进一步分包或反对继续雇佣被认定履约不合格的特定分包商的权利。

风险规避分析:

此条款规避了“责任链断裂”的风险。L&T只与主要承包商有合同关系,一旦主要承包商将核心结构(如钢结构制作)分包给资质差的小厂,一旦出现质量问题,L&T可以直接向主要承包商索赔,主要承包商不能以“那是分包商干的”为由推卸责任。

此外,条款赋予L&T“对特定分包商的否决权”,且该权利贯穿整个履约过程。这规避了“劣质分包商绑架项目”的风险。如果分包商表现不佳,L&T可以要求主承包商换人,而无需直接面对分包商的法律纠纷。

第三部分:工期与延期 (Time for Completion & Extensions)

3.1 里程碑节点与误期违约金 (Milestones & Liquidated Damages)

英文条款示例:

The Works shall be executed in accordance with the approved Construction Schedule. Time is of the essence. If the Contractor fails to achieve any milestone date (e.g., Foundation Completion, Steel Structure Erection Completion, Roof Closure, Mechanical Completion) or the final Completion Date, L&T shall be entitled to deduct Liquidated Damages (LD) from any monies due to the Contractor at the rate of [X] USD per day per milestone, not exceeding [Y]% of the Contract Price. The payment of LD shall not relieve the Contractor from its obligation to complete the Works nor preclude L&T from claiming further damages if actual losses exceed the LD amount.

中文条款示例:
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